Does anyone find it a bit creepy that the number one song in Great Britain today in 1957 is about Paul Anka’s brother’s babysitter?
Three years later, the number one single across the sea required no words:
Two years later, the number one U.S. single was a dance that was easier than learning your ABCs:
Those who think the U.S.’ reestablishing diplomatic relations with Cuba should perhaps consider a contrary opinion of, say, a Cuban.
For instance, native Cuban Mike Gonzalez:
Just before Secretary of State John Kerry raised the Stars and Stripes in Havana last week as he opened the U.S. Embassy in Havana, Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., accused those who oppose President Obama’s Cuba policy of being nostalgic for former dictator Fulgencio Batista. …
Speaking in Congress, Leahy said that “positive change in Cuba will take time. But it will come not as a result of stubborn nostalgia by a vociferous few for the Batista years, but by visiting Cuba, listening to the Cuban people, and engaging with them.”
By all means, let’s listen to the Cuban people.
Certainly, that would include some of the many dissidents—people like Antonio Rodiles, whom the regime’s henchmen beat to a pulp last month for demanding in public that Cuba be free.
Antonio says that Obama’s decision to establish diplomatic relations with the Castro regime has only emboldened it. “They now feel they can act with impunity,” he told me when I last spoke to him. That was before the beating, which proves his assessment was right.
Antonio doesn’t need to visit Cuba. He lives there. He’s not nostalgic for Batista. He simply yearns for democracy and basic human rights.
And let’s listen to Rosa Maria Paya. Her father, the dissident Oswaldo Paya, was the 2002 winner of the European Parliament’s Sakharov Prize. In 2012, he died in a very mysterious car crash. A Spanish lawyer who survived that crash, Angel Carromero, accuses the Castro regime of killing Paya.
Just last month the Human Rights Foundation published a report that cited evidence Paya was assassinated by the Castro regime. It called for an investigation, which the regime refuses to carry out.
Rosa Maria Paya, too, demands an investigation—and a plebiscite so Cubans can vote for change or more of the same. She recently described how Obama’s policy had changed life in Cuba by quoting Vaclav Havel: “The only thing we have left is the power of the powerless.”
No, she isn’t pining for the Batista years, either. But she deeply regrets the further empowerment of a murderous regime.
How about those of us in this country who oppose the new policy? Does Leahy really believe that Texas Pastor Rafael Cruz—who was tortured by Batista—looks back fondly upon the dictator? Does he think that Cruz’s son—who sits with Leahy in the Senate—is a shill for Batista?
I grew up in a Cuban household in the 1960s. There was no love lost for Batista in my family. At the dinner table, I was taught that batistiano—the term for those who followed Batista—was second only to comunista as an insult.
Batista, you see, had my father arrested while he was still in law school. And my father’s father devoted a good part of his life to fighting Batista at every step—when the strongman ruled behind the scenes in the late 1930s, when he was freely elected in 1940 and when he took over in a coup in 1952.
As evidence, I offer one of my grandfather’s columns from the late ‘30s. You don’t have to read Spanish, just look at the cartoon. It shows Federico Laredo Bru, Batista’s puppet president from 1936 to 1940, dreaming that he’s holding Batista in the palm of his hand, only to be awakened in the last frame.
My parents made the mistake of supporting Castro when he was in the mountains. It wasn’t until six months after the triumph of the revolution that they realized, to their horror, that he was a communist.
Before they had not believed Castro was a communist precisely because Batista said that he was.
By all means, let’s listen to the Cuban people. But be sure to listen to those who oppose the regime and not just those who shill for it. The Associated Press reports that more than 20 U.S. lawmakers have visited Cuba since Obama and the Castros declared détente—and not one of them has met with a dissident group.
Meanwhile, if it’s not too much to ask, Leahy should refrain from accusing Rodiles, the Paya family, Pastor Cruz or any of the millions of Cubans and Americans who disagree with the president’s Cuba policy of being closet batistianos.
The always-accurate Wikipedia reports estimates that Batista killed between 1,000 and 20,000 Cubans before he was deposed in 1959. On the other hand, University of Hawaii Prof. R.J. Rummel estimated the Castro regime, just between 1959 and 1987, killed at least 35,000 Cubans, and possibly as many as 141,000 Cubans. A different study (which may or may not be included by Rummel) estimates that 78,000 Balseros died in the attempt to leave Cuba by raft.
The fact is that, in the same way the uninformed want to open relations with Iran without considering the mullahs, you cannot separate a country from its government. The U.S. has no business opening relations with Cuba until the Castros are dead and buried, and their supporters are deposed from power in Cuba.
Those who support Donald Trump for president need to read this, from Politico:
Donald Trump clashed with Bill O’Reilly on Tuesday night over the part of his immigration plan that would take away citizenship from the children who were born in the United States but whose parents came to the country illegally.
Under the 14th Amendment, O’Reilly told Trump on “The O’Reilly Factor,” mass deportations of so-called birthright citizens cannot happen.
Trump disagreed, and said that “many lawyers are saying that’s not the way it is in terms of this.”
“What happens is, they’re in Mexico, they’re going to have a baby, they move over here for a couple of days, they have the baby,” Trump said, telling O’Reilly that the lawyers said, “It’s not going to hold up in court, it’s going to have to be tested.
“Regardless, when people are illegally in the country, they have to go. Now, the good ones — there are plenty of good ones — will work, so it’s expedited, we can expedite it where they come back in, but they come back legally,” Trump clarified.
O’Reilly then asked Trump if he envisions “federal police kicking in the doors in barrios around the country dragging families out and putting them on a bus” as a means to deport everyone he intends to deport.
“I don’t think they have American citizenship, and if you speak to some very, very good lawyers — some would disagree. But many of them agree with me — you’re going to find they do not have American citizenship. We have to start a process where we take back our country. Our country is going to hell. We have to start a process, Bill, where we take back our country,” Trump said.
There is a way to do it, O’Reilly said, in amending the Constitution.
Trump also said that he would not pursue an amendment to the Constitution to remedy the situation.
“It’s a long process, and I think it would take too long. I’d much rather find out whether or not anchor babies are citizens because a lot of people don’t think they are,” he said. “We’re going to test it out. That’s going to happen, Bill.”
Trump supporters should find it curious that their preferred candidate is willing to completely ignore the Constitution because amending it — two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress and approval of 38 state legislatures — is “a long process, and I think it would take too long.”
I would also be interested in who Trump’s constitutional experts are that assert that birthright citizenship is not what the 14th Amendment says it is. I would be similarly interested in finding a judge in the liberal federal court system who would blow up 150 years of precedent, and then get that ruling upheld in a U.S. court of appeals, let alone the Supreme Court. Ain’t happening.
Today in 1963, Little Stevie Wonder became the first artist to have the number one pop single and album and to lead the R&B charts with his “Twelve-Year-Old Genius”:
Today in 1974 the rock charts were topped by one of the more dubious number-one singles:
Today in 1990, at the beginning of Operation Desert Shield, Sinead O’Connor refused to sing if the National Anthem was performed before her concert at the Garden State Arts Plaza in Homdel, N.J. Radio stations respond by pulling O’Connor’s music from their airwaves.
That was the same day that Iron Maiden won a lawsuit from the families of two people who committed suicide, claiming that subliminal messages in the group’s “Stained Class” album drove them to kill themselves.
Today in 1964, the Supremes reached number one by wondering …
Today in 1968, the Beatles briefly broke up when Ringo Starr quit during recording of their “White Album.” Starr rejoined the group Sept. 3, but in the meantime the remaining trio recorded “Back in the USSR” with Paul McCartney on drums and John Lennon on bass:
In my days in the business magazine world, I got to interview former Packers general manager Ron Wolf once.
In my one dealing with him, Wolf was a bit brusque, but certainly quotable, which is why the media always liked talking to him. He was always blunt and full of candor on whatever subject he wanted to talk about. He was so depressed, for instance, after losing Super Bowl XXXII that he described his own team as “a fart in the wind.”
Now that Wolf is most deservedly in the NFL Hall of Fame, Wolf displayed a little more self-deprecation, as the great Bob McGinn reported:
Last month, the Green Bay Packers rolled out the navy blue jersey with a faded gold yoke they will wear Oct. 18 against the San Diego Chargers and in other “throwback” games over the next five seasons.
It brought to mind the months of experimentation with uniform color and design commissioned by general manager Ron Wolf in 1993 that would have left the Packers looking much like Notre Dame in its green jerseys.
Nothing came of it, however, and the Packers continue to wear the same basic color combination and design that Vince Lombardi brought to Green Bay 56 years ago.
Hired by the Packers in November 1991, Wolf set about fumigating a franchise that had been a chronic loser for a generation.
“I wanted to change the uniforms just to get the stigma (of defeat) away,” Wolf said in a recent interview. “Hey, I proposed a lot of things. It wasn’t that big of a deal.”
The attachment of the team’s fan base then to the forest green jerseys and mustard yellow pants was nothing like it is now. From 1968-’91, the Packers made the playoffs twice.
As the Packers pondered dramatically altered uniforms, they were deluged with calls and letters from followers in the state and across the country.
At the time, Wolf said at least half of the contacts he had indicated considerable distaste for the existing uniform. Then-Packers president Bob Harlan, in better position to gauge public sentiment, said the majority of fans favored staying with what the Packers had.
When the Packers displayed enormous improvement in 1992, Wolf made his move.
“We got Mike Holmgren. Pretty good, huh?” said Wolf. “We get Brett Favre. We win nine games. Now I’m feeling pretty good about myself.”
Long a student of football history, Wolf associated the Packers’ pants with the maize of the University of Michigan. He didn’t like that color.
Wolf wasn’t enamored of the stripes on the Packers’ helmets, jerseys or pants, either. He wanted a less cluttered look.
He pored over various shades of gold before selecting what Harlan remembered as a metallic gold for the pants.
“Ron was very excited about it,” said Harlan. “He just thought the Notre Dame gold or the UCLA gold, whatever you wanted to call it, would be perfect.”
The jersey that Wolf really liked had been worn by the Packers in the early 1950s.
“That gold (numbers) and green (body) one,” he said. “But they wouldn’t work today because you couldn’t see the numbers.”
Pause for the Packers Uniforms page to demonstrate:
The Packers went between navy blue and green several times until Lombardi got to Green Bay. It appears that in the late ’50s, the Packers may have tried to split the difference, with a bluish/green jersey that includes definitely Michigan-like yellow:
The gold numbers from the early ’50s jerseys would require some sort of outline to make them pop more, perhaps like one of the 437 uniforms the Oregon Ducks football team has worn (kindly ignore the font and the crap on the shoulders):
Alternatively, since Notre Dame was where Lambeau was a student for all of one year, the Fighting Irish wearing of the green may also have come to mind:
There is one issue with the early ’50s uniforms. They represent an era in Packer history that no one wants to remember. The period after Lambeau and before Vince Lombardi is remembered as fondly as the period after Lombardi and before Wolf. That is why since 1994 and the first throwbacks, the Packers have never used a green throwback from the pre-Lombardi days, because they would look too much like their current uniforms.
This is supposedly a prototype of the helmet:
Packers Uniforms believes this is what Wolf had in mind:
Back to our story:
At last, the Packers had a manufacturer produce three slightly different styles of uniforms.
Wolf needed someone he could trust to be the model. He summoned Ted Thompson, who was in his second year as an anonymous pro scout.
“I said to Ted, ‘Would you mind doing it?’” Wolf said. “He said, ‘Sure.’ In those days, when you asked somebody to help you out, they did it, you know?”
Thompson, then 40, probably hadn’t been in uniform since his 10-year career as an NFL linebacker ended in 1984. Attempts to reach Thompson through the Packers’ publicity department for this story were unsuccessful.
It was a beautiful late fall day. Harlan, Wolf and some other club officials convened in Lambeau Field, taking seats fairly high up in the bowl.
“There were some other guys there,” Wolf said. “(Lee) Remmel must have been there, or somebody from the public relations department. Maybe some of the executive committee guys were there.”
From the tunnel emerged Thompson, who would become GM of the Packers in 2005.
He was attired in the dark green jersey, metallic gold pants, solid metallic gold helmet with the ‘G’ logo that had existed since 1961 and solid green socks. There were no stripes on the helmet, jersey or pants.
“He (Thompson) was on the field down there all by himself,” recalled Wolf. “The guy ran up and down the field. I was thinking to myself, ‘Holy (expletive), I must have been smoking dope.’”
Then Wolf looked at Harlan, and Harlan looked at Wolf.
“All it took was that one trip up and down the field for me to say, ‘(Expletive), that’s terrible. No, no, no. There’s no way we can do this,’” Wolf remembered. “We would have changed it, but after that I said, ‘This is foolish.’”
Grateful for what Wolf had done in just two years on the job, Harlan wasn’t going to deny his new GM if he wanted a new look for the Packers.
“We kind of made the decision on the spot,” said Harlan, laughingly adding, “and it had nothing to do with the model.
“We were sitting out there in short-sleeve shirts in the sun waiting for Ted to come out of the tunnel. He kind of walked up and down the sidelines to let us see what it looked like.
“Dull is the only way I can describe it. It just looked blah out there. You see Notre Dame on TV and it looked like such a great uniform, but it just didn’t look that way for us.”
One of those two metallic gold ‘G’ helmets can be found displayed in the home of Pepper Burruss, the Packers’ director of sports medicine.
Feigning ignorance of the entire initiative, Holmgren said at the time, “I was the last one to know. I like the way the uniforms are now.”
And they have barely changed since then, even in areas that could have been improvements. I still like the green pants look with the white jersey, because there is not much green in that Green Bay Packers look:
Not even a Bears fan can deny that the Packers’ current colors represent fall, and are perhaps the most iconic look in professional sports given how little they have changed since the late 1950s. But as Packers Uniforms points out:
It’s interesting to think what might have happened had Wolf actually pulled the trigger way back then. The last twenty years of of Packers history, the new “Glory Days”, would have looked very different. Wolf’s uniforms would be synonymous with Holmgren and McCarthy and Favre and Rodgers, eleven divisional titles and two World Championships. We would have fans today for whom Lombardi’s classic uniform is as much an historical curiosity as Lambeau’s blue and gold. And we can all guess what the the Packers would have chosen for their throwback alternate uniforms.
Given what Oregon has done with its green and gold (to incorporate black and silver, apparently to attract the sense-challenged late teens set), maybe it’s better to not guess.
The Packers are usually topic number one in most of Wisconsin any time of year, but the Packers definitely made news Thursday. The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reports:
An upscale hotel, brew pub and public plaza would help anchor a proposed 34-acre mixed-use development next to Lambeau Field, with the Green Bay Packers seeking new forms of revenue and a better experience for the football team’s fans.
The long-awaited details of the project, called the Titletown District, were announced Thursday at a media conference.
It would amount to an investment of $120 million to $130 million, according to Packers officials. Groundbreaking is expected to occur this fall with work on roads and utilities, with the development’s initial phase to be completed by fall 2017.
“We’re very excited to share our vision for the Titletown District,” Packers President and Chief Executive Officer Mark Murphy said in a statement. “The public plaza, with its size and location near Lambeau Field, will be a draw that is very unique in our area and a wonderful public space for our community.”
Titletown District would be developed west of the stadium, south of Lombardi Ave. between Ridge Road and Marlee Lane, in Ashwaubenon.
The district’s anchors would include an upscale Lodge Kohler hotel, operated by Kohler Co.; a Hinterland restaurant and craft brewery, and a sports medicine clinic owned by Green Bay-based Bellin Health Care Systems. Those buildings would use eight acres.
There also would be a 10-acre public plaza that would be a site for game day festivities. It would be similar to a park, with year-round fitness-related activities, cultural opportunities, event space, an outdoor ice skating rink and Packers-inspired public art.
Such public plazas are becoming a big part of developments created next to sports arenas and stadiums.
A park-like plaza is being created in downtown Minneapolis, next to the new U.S. Bank Stadium that’s under construction for the Minnesota Vikings. That work will be completed in time for the 2016 football season.
Also, a public plaza is being proposed by the Milwaukee Bucks and city officials to be created between the basketball team’s planned new arena and entertainment center, on downtown Milwaukee’s west side.
Titletown District’s remaining 16 acres would feature additional commercial and retail buildings, as well as a residential area. Details on those future phases aren’t yet available.
The Lodge Kohler would be on Ridge Road, and include a bar and restaurant, an indoor/outdoor pool, a spa and fitness facility, and an outdoor area featuring tented event space.
Hinterland’s new facility would be 20,000 square feet, nearly four times larger than the current Green Bay restaurant and brewery. It would feature a brew pub and restaurant, with retractable walls, heated concrete and heat lamps to create outdoor dining that faces the public plaza. It would be on the corner of Lombardi Ave. and Ridge St.
Bellin Health would operate a nearly 30,000-square-foot facility focusing on injury prevention, performance improvement, and treatment and therapy for sports injuries. It would include lab, medical imaging, sports nutrition and sports psychology services.
Click here to see the flyover video.
Vic Ketchman adds:
Curly Lambeau was a man of vision, but he couldn’t possibly have seen this coming.
The football team Lambeau founded, which played its first season on a roped off field that had no seats, will begin the 2017 season in a stadium bordered by one of the most aggressive real estate developments in all of professional sports. …
Packers Vice President and Legal Counsel Ed Policy said the Packers have invested $65 million into the land acquisition and infrastructure costs of the project, and estimates the combined investment by the Packers and their three partners (Kohler, Bellin and Hinterland) will be $120-$130 million.
“That’s just the beginning. The investment will continue to grow. We want to enhance the community and make sure the Packers stay in strong financial position,” Policy said. …
“Through a lot of twists and turns in seven years, we’re really excited,” Murphy said.
Somewhere I have a copy of an excellent departed business magazine that had a cover story in 2010 about the Packers’ plans around the Lambeau Field neighborhood. That story included the seemingly unlikely idea of soccer, baseball and softball fields being built in the neighborhood, possibly hosting high school postseason events. That is not part of this plan, but this plan only includes the 34 acres west of Lambeau Field and south of Lombardi Avenue. I believe the Packers also own a lot of land south of Lambeau Field, as well as south of the Titletown District.
Anyone who has been to Lambeau Field knows that the neighborhood is certainly not unpleasant, but it’s not exactly upscale. There are strip malls along the south side of Lombardi Avenue now, and there are homes on the north side of Lombardi Avenue, immediately south of Lambeau Field, and along Ridge Avenue, which borders Lombardi Avenue to the west. Oneida Street, on the east side of Lambeau Field, is pretty small-scale industrial as well, and paper mills aren’t far away down Lombardi Avenue.
This is a necessity because of other NFL owners looking to maximize their investments, chiefly the Cowboys’ Jerry Jones. Under the current NFL revenue-sharing formula, NFL teams do not have to share revenues generated by their stadiums or stadium area outside of game ticket sales. Every stadium is supposed to be a revenue-generating machine now, but revenue isn’t limited to the stadium anymore.
The great thing is that none of this will detract at all from the game-day experience in a stadium that other NFL teams can’t figure out how to duplicate.
We begin with two forlorn non-music anniversaries. Today in 1897, Oldsmobile began operation, eventually to become a division of General Motors Corp. … but not anymore.
If you think the headline is referring to The Evil Koch Brothers, it’s not.
My friend Matt Johnson explains the significance of this photo:
The photograph features Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker pointing at a protestor in the front row as Walker was giving a speech at the fair. The protestor is holding a sign. From behind the protestor a person is jumping up to rip the sign out of the protestor’s hand.
The Associated Press cutline reads: “Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker confronts a protestor as a supporter grabs his sign during a visit Monday to the Iowa State Fair in Des Moines. ‘I am not intimidated by you, sir, or anyone else out there,’ Walker told protesters attempting to disrupt his open-air ‘soap-box’ comments to Iowa State Fair attendees who were mostly supportive of his message. ‘We will not back down. We will do what is necessary to defend the American people going forward.’ … ‘The left doesn’t want me to be your nominee because they know I don’t just talk, I deliver on my promises. I will do that as your next president.’ he said.”
This situation is common at public events like this — especially those featuring Gov. Walker. It’s well known, at least here in Wisconsin, that Walker can’t travel unless it is to a manicured, predetermined destination. The people who like Walker really like him. The people who dislike Walker really dislike him.
So, Walker is speaking at the Iowa State Fair — that’s what presidential candidates do. And a protestor is in the front row with a sign… That can be common. And it can also be commonly set-up by the opposition of the candidate. Furthermore, there’s a guy jumping up to rip the sign out of the protestor’s hand. That certainly could be just some average joe from the crowd who got upset. But it also likely could be a planted Walker staffer in the audience there to do such things.
This isn’t fantasy, it’s been political reality for ages.
You have to think back to the Watergate scandal that brought down the Nixon Administration. As Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein dug into the Watergate break-in, they uncovered all sorts of political subversion tactics used to propel Nixon over many years.
One such practice was outlined in the movie “All the President’s Men” and it has an abhorrent name — because the practice is equally abhorrent.
As is described, and what has become common practice, political opponents try to subvert one another.
“They bugged, they followed people, false press leaks, fake letters, they canceled… campaign rallies, they investigated… private lives, they planted spies, stole documents, on and on,” as it’s explained.
So, when you see somebody holding a sign in a front row at a political event, and when you see somebody jumping out of the crowd to grab that sign — it’s likely part of a bigger strategy. Political opponents are fighting each other to control the presentation of the message.
Walker’s campaign won Monday’s exchange. His quote about fighting for the American people was the focus.
Still, it’s far from polite to hold a sign in front of Walker’s face. Also, who was jumping to rip the sign out of the man’s hand? Was it an average joe? Republican event organizer? Walker staffer?
It’s politics as usual, and you’ll see a lot more of it until November of 2016.
Matt referred to the people who really dislike Walker. And Chris Rickert explains that they are really Walker’s best political allies:
A wooden first-debate performance and the attention-sucking presence of Donald Trump had Walker falling out of the lead in polls in Iowa, where he needs to win or place a strong second in the caucuses next year to have any chance at capturing the GOP nomination.
Then came the kind of boost he relies on.
It would be understandable if it were mostly Iowa union members who acted as Walker’s foils during his remarks Monday at the Des Moines Register’s Candidate Soapbox — a common stop for presidential candidates at the Iowa State Fair.
Iowans wouldn’t be expected to understand that it’s the haters — and especially the haters from organized labor — that give Walker his mojo.
But about 50 of the 75 people with the Service Employees International Union were bused in from Wisconsin, according to SEIU officials. They were among those waving signs, heckling, booing and otherwise making it clear they weren’t there for an autograph or a selfie with the candidate.
Worse, a Walker-detractor named Matthew Desmond made his way to the front of the stage with a sign (“Warning: Don’t let Scott Walker do to America what he did to Wisconsin”) so that Walker could point at him and declare: “I am not intimidated by you, sir!”
Dian Palmer, a registered nurse and president of SEIU Healthcare Wisconsin, said Desmond wasn’t with her group. But that hardly matters.
Less than an hour after the exchange, Walker’s campaign posted 27 seconds of video on YouTube entitled “Scott Walker To Protester: ‘I Am Not Intimidated.’”
“I am not intimidated by you, sir, or anyone else out there,” Walker says in the video, the applause building. “I will fight for the American people over and over and over and over again. You want someone who’s tested? I’m right here. You can see it! This is what happened in Wisconsin. We will not back down. We will do what is necessary to defend the American people going forward.”
Walker is not the flashy billionaire (Trump), the brilliant outsider (Ben Carson), the youthful Floridian to bring in the Latino vote (Marco Rubio), the libertarian (Rand Paul) or the scion of American political dynasty (Jeb Bush).
Without the union types and other leftists to stand up to, Walker is just another middle-aged white guy with a bald spot, a nasally Midwestern twang and some pretty conventional (if conservative) politics. In a crowd of 17 people running for the GOP nomination, he would be easy to overlook.
Cathy Glasson, president of the Iowa SEIU Local 199, said the union would continue to “call out” Walker as he campaigns around her state. …
“Being the bully in the room … gets old,” she said, referring to Walker.But then Walker’s victory in the 2012 recall, his 2014 re-election and his status among the top tier of Republican presidential candidates suggests she’s wrong.
Here is the video Walker’s best friends participated in to boost Walker’s campaign:
One of two things obviously will happen. Either Walker will be elected president, which means he won’t be governor of Wisconsin anymore; Lt. Gov. Rebecca Kleefisch then would become governor, and she’s not a moderate either. (I suppose option 1B is that Walker isn’t elected president, but another Republican is, and that Republican names Walker to a Cabinet post, as Gov. Tommy Thompson was named by George W. Bush.) If Walker (or another Republican) doesn’t get elected president, Walker will remain as governor. Either way, the Wisconsin left loses.
Steve Prestegard.com: The Presteblog 
